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Apache-2.0

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C++ 语法

一、逻辑运算与位运算符

逻辑运算符 位运算符
&& &
|| |
~
异或 ^
  • 一元运算符优先级大于二元运算符; 位运算符大于逻辑运算符; ~!> & > |

二、指针

  • 指针两要素: 内存地址内存大小(数据类型int, char ...)
  • 取址符&; int a{10}; int *pa =&a;

指针数组

int* pa[5]; 代表 五个int 类型的指针

数组指针 本质上是指针

int (*pb)[5]{}; 每一行放5个数据

int testA[2][5]
{
	{1,2,3,4,5},
	{4,5,6,7,8}
};

int (*pb)[5]{testA};   // 指针数组
pb = pb + 1;  //  +1 *数据类型的大小, 5*int型大小(二维)
			 // 若是1维数组,地址 直接加上数据类型大小
  • 从原理上讲,指针和数组是同一个方法的不同表达,而数组名本身就是一个指针,数组元素只是这个指针按照一定量偏移后对应的内存区域的内容。
  • 数组的本质是连续的内存区域,多维数组是创建出来的直观理解。

三、动态内存分配

C 语言中内存分配

malloc

void * malloc(size_t size);

​ 将为用户分配 size_t 字节个内存,并且返回内存分配的地址,若分配失败,则返回 0

int* pa = (int *)malloc(4);

pa 是分配好的内存地址, 4 是要分配的大小 。若内存分配失败,那么 pa=0

  • 空指针判断 if (pa==nullptr)

calloc

void* calloc(size_t count, size_t size);

​ calloc 将为用户分配 count 乘 size_t 字节个内存,并且返回内存分配的地址,若分配失败,则返回 0

int* p = (int *)calloc(1, 4);

​ p 是分配好的内存的地址, 1 是要分配的元素个数,4 是要分配的每个元素的大小 。

​ 若内存分配失败,那么 pa=0, calloc 会将分配好的内存区域设置为 0


realloc

void* realloc(void* _Block, size_t _Size);

​ realloc 将为用户重新分配内存,_Block 是用户已经分配好的内存,_Size是要求重新分配的大小,函数返回重新分配后的内存。

int*  pa = (int *)malloc(4);
pa = (int *) realloc(pa, 8); 

​ pa 是重新分配后的内存的地址 8 重新分配后的大小。若内存分配失败,那么 pa=0


free 释放内存

void* free(void* _Block);

​ Block 是需要释放的内存地址

int* pa = (int *)malloc(4);
free(pa)

​ pa 所占用的内存被释放


C++ 内存分配

数据类型* 指针变量名称 = new 数据类型;

int* pa = new int{};

数据类型* 指针变量名称 = new 数据类型【数量】;

int* pa= new int[5]{};

​ 分配一段能存放5个int 变量类型的内存空间

delete 释放指针

delete pa; , delete[] pa;


智能指针

std::unique_ptr 解决原生指针安全性不足的弊端

std::unique_ptr<int> intPtr{std::make_unique<int>(50)};   // 唯一智能指针,初始化为50
std::cout<<*intPtr;

std::unique_ptr<int []> ptrA{std::make_unique<int[]>(10)};
ptrA[0] = 50;

intPtr.reset();   // 释放指针空间

a = intPtr.get();  // 得到intPtr 指向申请内存时的地址

intPtr.release();  // 将智能指针intPtr设置为nullptr,但没有释放指针占用的空间

// std::unique_ptr 具有唯一性,不可复制,但可以转移
std::unique_ptr<int> ptrAA{std::make_unique<int>(10)};
std::unique_ptr<int> ptrBB{};
ptrBB=std::move(ptrAA);  // 转移后 ptrAA 被设置为 nullptr

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